Fluid Jets

Forces Resulting from fluid jets , flow over plate,  vanes and through pipes          

Calculation Reference          
   Roymech.co.uk.  https://roymech.co.uk/Related/Fluids/Fluids_Jets.html    

 
Purpose of Calculation          
To calculate the force resulting from the fluid momentum changes from impacting plates, from flowing over vanes and flowing through pipes.       
         
The various calculations have been checked against each other and against examples in the identified references. Notes providing  background for the calculations are provided on the above website.       
          
The study of forces resulting from the impact of fluid jets, and when fluids are diverted,  involves the application of Newtons second law in the form of F = m.a. The forces are determined by calculating the change of momentum of the flowing fluids.    In nature these forces manifest themselves in the form of wind forces, and the impact forces of the sea on the harbour walls.   The operation of hydro-kinetic machines such as turbines depends on forces developed through changing the momentum of flowing fluids.          
          
In its simplest form, with steady flow conditions, the force on a fluid flow in a set direction is equal to its mass flow rate times by the change in velocity in that set direction.   The fluid flow also exerts an equal and opposite reaction force as a result of this change in momentum.           
          
These are ideal values and do not take into account losses due to friction or the effect of gravity          
          
 F = m. (u1 - u2)  =  Q? (u1 - u2) = V.A.? (u1 - u2) . ..( F and u are vector quantities)         
          
 F= Force in set direction on component changing the direction of flow.         
 m.  = mass flow rate    kg/s      
 Q= volume flow velocity   (m3/s)      
 ? = fluid density   (kg/m3)      
 u1  &  u2 = flow velocities before and after contact with component       m/s  
 V = velocity of jet.   m/s Note: V is generally equal to  to u1     
 A = Area of jet.   m2      
          
          
1) Fluid force on a flat fixed plate          
2) Fluid force on a angled fixed plate ( 90o )          
3) Fluid force on a angled fixed plate  ( > 90o )          
4) Fluid force on a angled fixedplate  ( = 180o )          
5) Fluid force on a flat moving plate          
6) Fluid force on an angled moving plate  
7) Fluid force on a static vane
8) Fluid force on a moving vane        
9) Fluid Force on a pipe nozzle
10) fluid Force on a pipe bend

Calculation Reference
Mechanical Engineers Data Handbook Carvill
Mechanics of Fluids Massey
Fluid Mechanics