Pin and Lug - Static and Fatigue.xls

Rating:
11

Description


Purpose of calculation:
Calculate the proof and ultimate strength of obliquely loaded lugs.
Calculate the fatigue strength of lug.
This is an extension of a simpler calculation which only considers static strength.
Calculation Reference
Traditional UK railway method.
A.P.T. Mechanical Design Note No APT/MD 257
Strength of Lugs in Fatigue by R. B Heywood
Stress, Strain and Strength by R. C. Juvinall
Calculation Validation
This calculation requires validation.
Design Tips
It is normal to choose a pin size 6mm larger than required to allow for off centre drilling etc.
You may want to consider the use of a replaceable bush to increase the wear life of the lug.
You may also have to consider fatigue life.
Pin bending stresses also needs consideration but is not covered in the calculation below.
Design Procedure
================
Lug Dimensions
Material selection
Applied Loads
+ve. force loads the eye of the lug.
-ve. force is compressive.
Minimum force applied to the lug
Minimum force applied to the lug
Number of cycles applied
Orientation of applied force
Summary
Proof strength check.
Ultimate strength check.
Fatigue strength check.
Static Strength Design of Lugs
==============================
1 Calculate Lug Proof Strength when ?=0
Tensile Proof Strength
Shear Proof Strength
Check shear stress at ?=90°
Pull out strength - check shear stress at ?=40°
Check limiting shear stress
Proof Bearing Strength
Limiting lug proof strength
2) Calculate Lug Ultimate Strength when ?=0
Tensile ultimate Strength
Shear ultimate Strength
Check shear stress at ?=90°
Pull out strength - check shear stress at ?=40°
Check limiting shear stress
Note - Bearing strength is not considered for an ultimate strength case.
Limiting lug ultimate strength
3) Calculate Lug Strength for Oblique or Transversely Loaded Lugs
4) Static Strength Pass/Fail Criteria
Proof demand to capacity ratio
Ultimate demand to capacity ratio
Fatigue Design of Lugs
======================
5) Determine Fatigue Stress Parameters
Minimum Stress (assume compressive force does not contribute)
Mean Stress (assume compressive force does not contribute)
Maximum Stress (assume compressive force does not contribute)
Alternating Stress
6) Assumptions:
Poor fatigue performance as a result of fretting and stress concentration on the loaded hole.
Design data is based on a standard lug with 25.4mm diameter and stress concentration factor of 2.5.
The results of the standard lug may be adapted for lugs of other proportions (see method below).
Assume ? = 0° for fatigue assessment with load in any direction.
7) Determine stress concentration factor, KE
8) Determine size factor, KS
Change units of d into mm for size factor lookup.
9) Determine thickness ratio correction factor, CT
10) Determine casting factor, CF
11) Read Heywood's Lug Fatigue Curve.
12) Fatigue Pass/Fail Criteria
Allowable alternating stress

Calculation Reference
Machine Design
Bruhn Design of aircraft
Heywood Design of Lugs

Calculation Preview

Submitted On:
03 Oct 2022
File Size:
162.61 Kb
Downloads:
372
File Version:
1.3
Rating:
11

 
Full download access to any calculation is available to users with a paid or awarded subscription (XLC Pro).
Subscriptions are free to contributors to the site, alternatively they can be purchased.
Click here for information on subscriptions.
Comments: 9
JohnDoyle[Admin] 6 months ago
Just updated the calculation it was an old xls format but it has macros so I uploaded an xlsm format file so that anyone opening the file is aware that it contains custom function macros.
JohnDoyle[Admin] 9 years ago
Theo, The method as encoded is a method that has been in use in the UK railway industry. There is nothing to stop you modifying the spreadsheet to include material and load factors recommended by Eurocode 3. However I am familiar enough with with the code to know what the appropriate factors would be.
JohnDoyle[Admin] 9 years ago
You are entirely correct Theo sigma_p is the proof stress and sigma_U the ultimate stress so for S355 are analogous with fy=355N/mm2 and fu=510N/mm2.
JohnDoyle[Admin] 11 years ago
Typo corrections.
Error in US units corrected.
Two worksheets now included one worked in SI(mm) the other worked in US(in). Identical results can be observed.
Many thanks to ekoontz for reporting the errors in.
gandalf69 12 years ago
Yes, thanks, using XLC redraw fixes the equations. I just downloaded again and got the same errors initially. Maybe it is my XP system.
JohnDoyle[Admin] 12 years ago
I have just downloaded to check the equation and it seems fine to me:
I should use the XLC redraw equations button and see if the problem persists.
gandalf69 12 years ago
There seems to be a display error with the formulas in the download. For instance the first formula should have + c within the brackets and co should be cos. There are many more. These can be fixed locally by deleting the displayed formula and regenerating it. Or maybe it is just XP messing with it:)
JohnDoyle[Admin] 12 years ago
A correction to the shear proof strength and ultimate proof strength formulas has been made after it was reported in by a user.
JohnDoyle[Admin] 12 years ago
Description of Change: An error in the sketch showing dimension b has been corrected. Addition of calculations of the parameter b for round ended and square ended lugs has been added.